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Abstract: The authors reviewed the current issue of the inclusion of people with Down syndrome in adaptive sports, including the sports of the higher achievements. Psycho-physical characteristics that affect the ability of the sports activities for this target group were studied. The authors explained the differences between mentally retarded children and children with Down syndrome in intellectual, physical and emotional spheres. Following a substantiated conclusion: children with Down syndrome, in contrast to the mentally retarded children have polymorphism biological defect structure and related developmental disorders, which create significant obstacles in the acquisition of knowledge, abilities and skills, including in sports activities. Identified that investigated two categories – children with mental retardation and persons with Down syndrome – are not monogenic and immanent in its physiological properties in the overall picture of mental retardation. Therefore, it is impossible to consider these two groups of persons as a homogeneous group with a common characteristic and the results of the sports activities these categories cannot be matched correctly. The conclusion about expediency of further research on an interdisciplinary basis.