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Abstract: The article considers ways of creating maximally approximated translation especially when a student of Translation Studies or a professional Translator has to choose a lexeme among its synonyms. Componential analysis plays a significant role in teaching translation to students in higher school courses. The article studies four variants of translation of one and the same extract from Leo Tolstoy’s novel «Anna Karenina» with the help of componential analysis. The main aim of research is to show the significance of every differential seme in the context. The issue of maximally approximated translation includes several aspects: firstly, the necessity to preserve the individuality of the author of the novel; secondly, creation of expressiveness of translation, not contradicting the nearest context and the peripheral zones of narration; thirdly, text-centered lexicon and lexical distribution serve as cues in the process of choosing a lexeme among its synonyms; fourthly, compliance with the three above mentioned conditions unavoidably leads to the so-called adequate (maximally approximated) translation – the only one that is correct and excludes the existence of any other variant. The article also pays attention to the importance of teaching foundations of componential analysis in some higher school disciplines – lexicology, theory and practice of translation and philological analysis.