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Abstract: The author considers observation as a method of research of attention concentration of senior preschoolers. The author analyzes the definitions of "observation", "attention", "concentration of attention of a child” found in the philosophical, psychological and pedagogical literature. Based on the types of attention, the author assumes the existence of such features of attention as voluntary concentration, involuntary concentration and after-voluntary concentration. Consideration of the positive and negative aspects of all types of concentration of preschoolers allowed to find out the advantages and disadvantages of all kinds of children's concentration of attention. The author also analyzes the approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to determination of the content of the observation method. A description of the role, importance and methods of using the method of observation in psychological and educational research, educational programs and technologies of preschool education is given. The author examines in detail the use of observation method to study children's activities in the educational system of Maria Montessori. This article provides recommendations for teachers that can help them to study the subject of research (the child) more deeply and objectively. As a result, the author comes to the conclusion that the method of observation from the perspective of system-activity approach, allows us to analyze all aspects of the changing state of the object and the subject of pedagogical research.