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Abstract: This paper offers a way to study the specifics of the non-equivalence phenomenon in the speech in the aspects of synchrony and diachrony – the study of the non-equivalent vocabulary using a large parallel diachronic corpus. Diachronic parallel corpus is a collection of parallel translations made in different periods of time. It is a reliable basis to study functioning of various translation units in the speech. Numerous parallel-translated texts reflect possibilities of the language and translation, providing a high reliability of conclusions. Large diachronic corpora of parallel translations, which are based on several source texts, allow studying the specifics of non-equivalence manifestations both in the synchrony and in the diachrony. Within the scope of the translation science, the methodology of parallel corpora construction is one of the most urgent and insufficiently developed problems. We have developed a diachronic parallel corpus based on the material of 30 diachronic German translations of five main novels by Fyodor Dostoevsky in order to examine the specifics of translation of the non-equivalent culture-specific vocabulary – realia. The principles of constructing of a new diachronic corpus, the criteria for selecting the source and target texts, goals and possibilities of use of the corpus are explained in this paper.