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Abstract: The article describes special features of the structure of a foreign language teacher’s professional competence. The author presents the scheme of particular components of the professional competence and describes their content. The author also concludes that professional competence of a foreign language teacher is the whole complex of professional and personal features necessary for successful educational work of a specialist. The paper investigates the component structure of communicative competence in detail and underlines the importance of the cultural component since students have to form their holistic cultural-linguistic character during professional education at the university. The components of general scientific, psychological, pedagogical, and personality competences are described further. Special attention is paid to self-educational competence, which is closely connected with communicative, cultural, psychological, pedagogical, and personality competences. The self-educational competence is the basic category to form all the components of the foreign language teacher’s professional competence. The absence of this competence slows down not only the development of the communicative competence but also the formation of basic knowledge and skills in foreign languages. The effective formation of methodological and pedagogical competences is also prevented. The article substantiates the idea that the self-educational competence is the tool for the improvement of the foreign language teacher’s professional training.