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Abstract: The article analyzes organizational, moral and legal characteristics of children's orphanhood in modern Russia. The assessment of efficiency of such forms of acceptance of orphans in new families as adoption, guardianship, foster homes and patronage is given. The article reveals the reasons of inadequate solution of the problems of the Russian children's orphanhood: impunity and irresponsibility of "primary" and «secondary» parents of children-orphans for their immoral actions brought about by soft state policy of preservation of appropriate family relations in the sphere of motherhood, paternity and childhood. The article gives comparative analysis of efficiency of procedures of adoption of orphans abroad and in Russia. It describes the main reasons for negative «leadership» of our country in the questions of solution of problems of children's orphanhood. The authors substantiate organizational-legal and socio-economic areas of the state policy in the solution of this problem in respect of strengthening, first of all, legal and material responsibility of parents rejecting their born and adopted children. In addition, the authors proceed from the well-known statement that effective prevention on the part of the state and the public, starting with the school, healthcare institutions, and finishing with the agencies of guardianship, and also law enforcement agencies will allow to solve the problem of reduction of cases of a children's orphanhood more effectively than those measures which the state takes today when the Russian children's orphanhood holds negative leadership in the modern world.