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Abstract: The article presents a theoretical analysis of studies on the adaptation of students in military educational institutions, which are the initial stage of training specialists of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. The features of the first year of cadets' training in military schools and independent indicators of adaptation are outlined, the types of difficulties encountered by students of pre-higher military schools at the beginning of the educational process are described. The features of the first year of training include general characteristics typical of this period (transition from primary school to secondary, transition from junior school age to teen age) and the features typical of military schools only (the change from “home” atmosphere to the new social environment that has its own regime, a group of peers, rare contancts with the family and reference groups, the need to follow school’s regulations, domination of social values over individual ones, a number of new duties and responsibilities, etc.). The article describes the independent indicators of social, everyday and academic adaptation, which is based on the underrating of one’s role of a student of Suvorov military college. The article outlines the difficulties that military school students face at the beginning of their study. The results of an empirical study of the socio-psychological adaptation of pupils of Ekaterinburg Suvorov Military School are presented. Correlation analysis between indicators of social and psychological adaptation, personal anxiety and group cohesion was carried out. The results of empirical research show the low level of personal anxiety of most of the students, which proves the absence of desadaptational signs of anxiety. The correlational analysis revealed the positive correlation of the level of personal anxiety and adaptation: the lower is the level of personal anxiety of a student, the more effective adaptation is. The results obtained can be useful for psychology teachers supporting first-year students of pre-university military educational institutions.